Small scale farming is a type of agricultural practice carried out on a limited area of land using simple tools and family labor. It is commonly practiced in rural communities and plays a vital role in food production, income generation, and rural development. Unlike large-scale commercial farming, small scale farming typically involves low capital investment, minimal use of machinery, and a focus on subsistence or local markets. In this article, we will examine the characteristics of small scale farming, its types, and its importance to individuals, communities, and national economies.
Table Of Contents
- Introduction
- Meaning of small scale farming
- Characteristics of small scale agriculture
- Problems of small scale Agriculture
- Types of small scale farming
- How To start up small scale farming system
- Importance of small scale agriculture or farming
- Conclusion
- Revision questions
Definition: Small scale farming or subsistence agriculture is defined as a type of Agriculture which is concerned with the production of food by a farmer to feed himself and his family. In order words, subsistence agriculture is a system of farming whereby a farmer cultivates crops and rears animals in order to produce food for consumption for himself and his family only.
Read Also
- Large scale farming, characteristics, benefits and problems
- Types of farming on ecological system and thier effects
Characteristics of Small Scale or Subsistence Agriculture
- It is mostly practice by peasant farmers.
- Subsistence agriculture involves more portion of land.
- It involves the use of crude tools such as hoe and machetes.
- There is no specialization.
- It employs on skill labour
- The returns or output are usually very low.
- It usually involves the use of family Labour.
- It provides only for the basic need of the family.
- There is a little or no surplus for sale.
- There is also little or low capital involved in subsistence agriculture.
- There is a heavy reliance on natural rainfall.
- It involves mainly the production of food crops only.
- There is limited use of agro-chemicals, example; insecticides and pesticides.
- Unimproved varieties of crops and breeds of animals are used.
- Mixed cropping system of farming is usually practiced in subsistence agriculture.
PROBLEMS OF SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE
The problems which are usually associated with subsistence agriculture include the following:
- Family labour supply is unreliable: In the face of rural – urban migration of able-bodied men, it is therefore result in the non availability of family Labour, especially the children to work on the farm.
- Crude tools are used: This often result in low yield since the use of such tools has its limits compared to the use of tractors, ploughs, harrows, etc..
- Fragmented or small farmland: This is a major constraint as produce from such small farm holdings is usually very small.
- Illiteracy of the Farmers: Labour used for subsistence agriculture has little or no formal education, resulting in their inability to read written instructions and adopt modern farming techniques.
- No surplus for sale: This often keeps the Farmer permanently poor, as he will not be able to generate enough capital to expand the size of the Farm.
- Inadequate capital for investments: This leads to small farm holdings and inability to buy Farm inputs.
- Low level of specialization: The subsistence farmer is often involved in the practice of mixed cropping as against the production of a particular crop which could lead to specialization.
- Pests and diseases are not controlled: Going to this poverty and illiteracy, pests and diseases are not controlled and this further lead to low yield.
- Low return/yield: As a result of low capital investment, illiteracy of the Farmer, and small farm holdings, the heat or returns from substance agriculture are usually very low.
Types of Small scale farming
Below are the 20 types of small scale farm you need to know and possibly choose one to start up.
1. Vegetable Farming: This types types of small scale farming Focuses on growing a variety of vegetables for local consumption or markets.
2. Fruit Orchards: Involves cultivating small-scale orchards for fruits like apples, oranges, or berries.
3. Livestock Farming: Another types of small scale farming is Livestock Farming. Livestock Farming Includes raising small numbers of livestock such as poultry, goats, or pigs.
4. Mixed Cropping: Combines different crops in the same field to enhance biodiversity and soil fertility.
5. Herb and Medicinal Plant Cultivation: Involves growing herbs and medicinal plants for local use or sale.
6. Beekeeping: Focuses on small scale beekeeping for honey production and pollination services.
7. Aquaculture: This Involves cultivating fish or other aquatic organisms in controlled environments.
8. Dairy Farming: Focuses on small scale milk production often with a limited number of dairy animals.
9. Poultry Farming: Poultry Farming Involves raising chickens or other poultry for meat and egg production.
10. Market Gardening: Specializes in producing high-value crops for local markets.
11. Flower Farming: This Cultivates flowers for local sales or floral arrangements.
12. Organic Farming: Emphasizes sustainable and organic practices, avoiding synthetic inputs.
13. Agroforestry: Small scale farming Combines trees and shrubs with crops or livestock, promoting a sustainable and integrated farming system.
14. Mushroom Farming: This Involves cultivating various types of mushrooms for local markets.
15. Seed Saving: Seed saving Focuses on preserving and exchanging traditional and heirloom seeds within communities.
16. Grain Farming: This is the Cultivation of grains such as wheat, oats, or barley on a smaller scale.
17. Sericulture (Silk Farming): This Involves the cultivation of silkworms for silk production.
18. Snail Farming (Heliciculture): This is the Raising of snails for culinary purposes or cosmetic uses.
19. Urban Farming: This Takes place in urban areas, utilizing limited space for growing food crops or raising small animals.
20. Hydroponics and Vertical Farming: This one Utilizes soilless cultivation methods and vertical spaces for growing crops in limited areas.
HOW TO START UP A SMALL SCALE FARMING
Starting a small scale farm requires careful planning and a combination of practical and business skills. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started:
Research and Education: Learn about different types of farming, local climates, and market demands. Attend workshops, courses, or seek advice from experienced farmers.
Identify Your Niche: Choose a specific focus such as vegetable farming, poultry, or orchards based on your interests, skills, and market demand.
Create a Business Plan: Outline your goals, budget, expected expenses, and potential revenue. Include details on crops or livestock, equipment, and marketing strategies.
Site Selection: Choose a suitable location with access to water, good soil quality, and favorable climate conditions for your chosen type of farming.
Legal Considerations: Check local regulations and obtain necessary permits for farming activities. This may include zoning, environmental, and health permits.
Secure Funding: Evaluate your financial needs and explore funding options such as personal savings, loans, grants, or agricultural programs.
Infrastructure and Equipment: Invest in basic infrastructure like fencing, irrigation, and appropriate equipment. Consider both new and used equipment to manage costs.
Start Small: Begin with a manageable size to gain experience. Gradually expand as you become more comfortable and successful.
Crop or Livestock Selection: Choose crops or livestock that align with your skills, market demand, and local conditions. Consider starting with a few varieties or breeds.
Build a Support Network: Connect with local farmers, agricultural extension services, and community organizations. Networking can provide valuable advice and support.
Marketing Strategy: Develop a marketing plan to sell your products. Consider farmers’ markets, local stores, community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs, or online platforms.
Record Keeping: Maintain accurate records of expenses, yields, and sales. This information will help you make informed decisions and plan for the future.
Adaptability and Learning: Be open to adapting your strategies based on experiences and market trends. Continuous learning is crucial for success.
Time Management: Farming requires time and effort. Develop a realistic schedule, and be prepared for seasonal variations in workload.
Risk Management: Identify potential risks such as weather events, pests, or market fluctuations. Develop strategies to mitigate these risks.
Scale Gradually: Consider gradual expansion based on the success of your initial efforts. This allows you to manage growth effectively.
Importance Benefits Of Small scale Farming
- Number one importance benefits of small scale farming is that it Enhances local food security.
- Promotes biodiversity and ecological balance.
- Fosters sustainable farming practices.
- Strengthens community engagement.
- Supports economic viability for local farmers.
- Encourages climate-resilient agriculture.
- Another importance benefits of small scale farming is that it Preserves cultural and traditional farming methods.
- Reduces dependence on long-distance food transportation.
- Creates jobs and economic opportunities in rural areas.
- Contributes to the preservation of open landscapes.
Difference Between Large Scale Farm And Small Scale farming
| Feature | Small Scale Farming | Large Scale Farming |
|---|---|---|
| Land Size | Operates on a small piece of land | Operates on a large expanse of land |
| Labor | Relies mainly on family or manual labor | Employs hired and mechanized labor |
| Capital Investment | Requires low capital | Requires high capital investment |
| Tools and Equipment | Uses simple tools like hoes and cutlasses | Uses modern machines like tractors and harvesters |
| Production Purpose | Mainly for family consumption (subsistence) | Mainly for commercial and export purposes |
| Output Level | Produces low output | Produces large quantities of crops or livestock |
| Technology Use | Low or no use of advanced technology | High use of modern technology and scientific methods |
| Farming Method | Traditional and manual methods | Modern and mechanized methods |
| Market Access | Limited or local market access | Wide access to national and international markets |
| Risk and Profit | Lower financial risk and lower profit margin | Higher risk but higher profit potential |
Understanding these differences helps highlight the diverse nature of agriculture and the unique challenges and advantages associated with both large scale and small scale.
Conclusion
Small scale subsistence farming remains a backbone of agricultural activity in many developing regions, especially in rural communities. It is characterized by the use of simple tools, family labor, and small plots of land, often aimed at producing enough food to meet the needs of the farmer’s household. Despite its limitations in terms of output and technology, small scale subsistence farming plays a critical role in ensuring food security, preserving indigenous farming knowledge, and supporting local economies. With proper support and innovation, this traditional form of agriculture can be improved to enhance productivity and sustainability.
Revision Questions
- Briefly explain small scale farming system
- What are the characteristics of small scale farming system?
- List the types of small scale farming
- Briefly explain how to start up a small scale farming system.
- What are the Disadvantages or problems of Small scale Agriculture?
- State the importance benefits of small scale farming
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